Wolverine Stack References: The Complete Citation Index
Every claim on this site is sourced to a peer-reviewed publication. This page lists all 22 primary references with PMIDs, DOIs, and direct PubMed links.
Primary References
The Wolverine stack research record draws on 22 peer-reviewed publications spanning 1999 to 2026. References are organized by citation number as used throughout the site. Filter by compound (BPC-157 / Thymosin beta-4 / Review) or by year using the table controls below.
All citations link directly to PubMed or PMC records. DOIs are provided where available. This index covers BPC-157 studies (RF001–RF012, RF017–RF021), thymosin beta-4 / TB-500 studies (RF013–RF016, RF022), and combined review literature (RF018–RF019).
| # | Compound | Authors & Title | Journal / Year | Links |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1] | BPC-157 | Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. | J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):982-989. PMID: 16583442 |
PubMed |
| [2] | BPC-157 | Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, Radic B, Vukoja I, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. | J Orthop Res. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. PMID: 20225319 |
PubMed |
| [3] | BPC-157 | Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, Huang HY, Lin Y, Ko YS, Wang JS, Chang VH, Pang JH. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. | J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. PMID: 27847966 |
PubMed |
| [4] | BPC-157 | Hsieh MJ, Lee CH, Chueh HY, Chang GJ, Huang HY, Lin Y, Pang JH. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. | Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16917. PMID: 33051481 |
PMC |
| [5] | BPC-157 | Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. | Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. PMID: 25415472 |
PMC |
| [6] | BPC-157 | Japjec M, Horvat Pavlov K, Petrovic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy for the Disable Myotendinous Junctions in Rats. | Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1547. PMID: 34829776 |
PMC |
| [7] | BPC-157 | Matek D, Matek I, Staresinic E, Japjec M, Bojanic I, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. | Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):119. PMID: 39861766 |
PMC |
| [8] | BPC-157 | Sebecic B, Nikolic V, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Sosa T, et al. Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits: a comparison with bone marrow and autologous cortical bone implantation. | Bone. 1999;24(3):195-202. PMID: 10071911 |
PubMed |
| [9] | BPC-157 | Perovic D, Milavic M, Dokuzovic S, et al. Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. | Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(5):1960-1975. PMID: 35678659 |
PMC |
| [10] | BPC-157 | Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, Dogan Dursun A, Sezen SC, Arslan M. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. | Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(2):291. PMID: 40005408 |
PMC |
| [11] | BPC-157 | Xue XC, Wu YJ, Gao MT, Li WG, Zhao N, Wang ZL, Bao CJ, Yan Z, Zhang YQ. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. | World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1036. PMID: 15052688 |
PubMed |
| [12] | BPC-157 | Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, Novinscak T, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. | J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60 Suppl 7:191-196. PMID: 20388964 |
PubMed |
| [13] | Thymosin beta-4 | Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. | Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. PMID: 15037013 |
PubMed |
| [14] | Thymosin beta-4 | Qiu P, Kurpakus Wheater M, Qiu Y, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK. | FASEB J. 2011;25(6):1815-1826. PMID: 21343177 |
PMC |
| [15] | Thymosin beta-4 | Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T. Muscle injury-induced thymosin beta4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. | J Biochem. 2011;149(1):43-48. PMID: 20880960 |
PubMed |
| [16] | Thymosin beta-4 | Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, Pandey GS, Pistilli E, Guerron AD, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K. Evaluation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function after Chronic Administration of Thymosin beta-4 in the Dystrophin Deficient Mouse. | PLoS One. 2010;5(2):e8976. PMID: 20126456 |
PMC |
| [17] | BPC-157 | He L, Feng D, Guo H, Zhou Y, Li Z, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. | Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. PMID: 36588717 |
PMC |
| [18] | BPC-157 Review | Yuan C, Demers A, Silva-Ortiz V, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. | Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(6):2876. PMID: 41898733 |
PubMed |
| [19] | BPC-157 Review | Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. | Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. PMID: 38675421 |
PMC |
| [20] | BPC-157 | Seiwerth S, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. | Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. PMID: 34267654 |
PMC |
| [21] | BPC-157 Review | Staresinic M, Japjec M, Vranes H, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Striated, Smooth, and Heart Muscle. | Biomedicines. 2022;10(12):3221. PMID: 36551977 |
PMC |
| [22] | Thymosin beta-4 | Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. (Also documents Phase 2 wound trial safety data.) | Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. PMID: 15037013 |
PubMed |